Zen Essay Research Paper In all that free essay sample

Zen Essay, Research Paper In all that we learn, happening peace in all the injury and felicity, cryings and laughter, and ups and downs is non an easy thing. Finding the inspiration to carry through the things that will do us experience like fulfilled human existences is non an simple undertaking. Like a wise individual one time said # 8220 ; Why is it that the deeper you go, the bigger it gets? # 8221 ; What drives great work forces to make great things? What drives evil work forces to make evil things? How can I happen the bravery inside me to carry through all that I want to make, much less, figure out what I want to make? Life is full of different picks, which necessarily lead to different inquiries. Working, traveling to school, discontinuing your occupation, or traveling to India all finally lead to the inquiry: What am I traveling to make with my life now? Zen, is non an reply to these jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Zen Essay Research Paper In all that or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Zen is more of a psychological application instead so a philosophical school of idea. It doesn # 8217 ; t seek to touch on metaphysics, spiritualty, or anything of the kind. It is more of a complex psychological science of credence, which turns out to be inordinately simple. Worlds are afflicted with all external signifiers of life: we are capable to life and decease, pleasance and hurting, love and fright, good and evil, beautiful and ugly. We tend to rock, or strive towards one side, and reject its antonym. There is no existent flight of one or the other, yet we somehow believe that Oklahoman or subsequently, we will be able to suppress the other side if we stay focussed long plenty. We frequently strive for good, trusting the immorality in our lives will vanish. But the inevitable ever arises, and we find ourselves in the same topographic point that we started. Why is this? From a more Taoist point of position, life could non be without decease. Pleasure could non be without hurting. Good could non be without immorality. Growth could non be without stagnancy. If the antonyms are dependent on one another, why do we experience inclined to endeavor for one and reject the other? Why are we so afraid of what # 8217 ; s on the other side of the boundary line? Zen is the psychological science of accepting both sides. It is accepting that good and evil are both a portion of your life, so there is no demand to endeavor for one or fear the other. Pain is indispensable for pleasance, if pleasance is to be known as pleasance. Therefore, denial of one of these sides is like denying the being of both terminals. If we believe that immorality can non be, so good can non be, because so there is nil to compare it to. However, if we accept that both good and evil ex ist in our lives, it can let us to experience more at place in the universe. We can experience that the universe is already whole, and that our lives are already perfect because we are populating it. Acceptance besides opens up the freedom in our lives. By accepting that we could one twenty-four hours be a failure, we start taking the fright of failure from our privation to win. Our endeavoring to win is so a pick, and non a merchandise of our fright. Through our credence of our ain frights, we will suppress them. But what is genuinely accepting everything in life? How can we truly accept everything that happens to us? Would doing an attempt to alter be merely another effort to get away an facet of ourselves? After all, to genuinely be accepting, you have to accept that you may non be genuinely accepting, right? Acceptance is non changing things at all, yet at the same clip, a alteration takes topographic point by accepting. This is the quandary that the Zen doctrine faces. To be accepting, we can # 8217 ; t be forceful with life. We must accept all as it is, and allow everything travel. How the heck can we make that? Zen teaches that the lone manner to be genuinely accepting, is to populate in the now. We hear that all the clip, # 8220 ; Live in the now. Populate in the now. # 8221 ; What does # 8220 ; populating in the now # 8221 ; really intend? By losing the foresight of the hereafter, or hindsight in the past, we open up that universe of credence. Some people will steal because they see that they have something more in their hereafter. Some people will make good workss because they feel that later on, they will experience better about themselves. Populating in the now, is flinging the yesteryear, non looking to the hereafter, and merely basking life as it is. Populating in the now holds onto nil, but accepts everything, because it # 8217 ; s a province of merely consciousness. Zen teaches that life is life, and nil more, so we shouldn # 8217 ; t seek to do it something that it isn # 8217 ; t. It is like the construct of the clip of now, the construct exists, yet we can neer keep on to it. Populating in the now lets us see that all facets of life are queerly beautiful and complex. Life is about one of the most hideous constructs of all time thought of. We go through life, and we search for the replies, but oftentimes the hunt becomes so strong that we forget to populate, we forget to smile, we forget that # 8220 ; it # 8217 ; s all good in the hood. # 8221 ; Zen tries to take it one measure farther, taking that frame of head to every individual minute of one # 8217 ; s life. It doesn # 8217 ; t learn us to follow certain ideals, it merely teaches us to allow travel, and bask life as it is.

Computer Material View essays

Computer Material View essays Impact of Computer - A Material View Computers are probably the best characterization for modern life. For the past twenty years, its popularity has grown tremendously. To meet the demands of competition and technology, the computer industries rapidly develop newer and faster machines to make the old ones obsolete. According to study, a new computers life is only about eighteen months. With the society more focused on environmental protection, it becomes more important to discuss the material impact of computers. Computers typically have heavy metal content like steel, aluminum, lead, etc [2]. For example, computer monitor is mostly comprised of leaded glass and plastic, and the chip on circuit board is made of copper. With the growing production of computers, it becomes more important to think about the effect it has on natural resource. According to a comprehensive resource flow study titled Resource Flow: The Material Basis of Industrial Economies, we use approximately 100,000 pounds to 187,000 pounds of natural resources per person per year. Researchers believe that roughly 14 million to 20 million computers are retired each year in this country, and of those, nearly 75 percent are simply stockpiled somewhere. Only 10 percent to 15 percent are re-used or recycled, and the rest 15 percent end up in landfills. With heavy metal content, computers are considered hazardous waste. So proper disposal methods are necessary to meet the government standards. In this regard, regulations such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) need to be examined for incentives and disincentives to the more cost effective use of materials. But with so many old computers being retired each year, what are more sensible ways to deal with those old computers sitting in the attic? The best way is to get them re-used. We can trade-in old machines to companies like Compaq and IBM, which have asset recovery department. In the...

Read this stories and pull out imporatant 3 qoutes from each story Essay

Read this stories and pull out imporatant 3 qoutes from each story (6qoute) - Essay Example As a cripple, I swagger†. (p 1) â€Å"I wake up in the morning feeling the way most people do at the end of a bad day, and I take it from there. As a result, I spend a lot of time in extremis and, impatient with limitation, I tend to ignore my fatigue until my body breaks down in some way and forces rest. Then I miss picnics, dinner parties, poetry readings, the brief visits of old friends from out of town. The offspring of a puritanical tradition of exceptional venerability, I cannot view these lapses without shame. My life often seems a series of small failures to do as I ought†. (p 2) â€Å"A friend who also has MS startled me once by asking, "Do you ever say to yourself, Why me, Lord?" "No, Michael, I dont," I told him, "because whenever I try, the only response I can think of is Why not?" If I could make a cosmic deal, whom would I put in my place? What in my life would I give up in exchange for sound limbs and a thrilling rush of energy? No one. Nothing. I might as well do the job myself. Now that Im getting the hang of it†. (p 8) â€Å"It was at that moment I realized the deceit I had been living under. Children growing up in the American Southwest, drinking contaminated milk from contaminated cows, even from the contaminated breasts of their mothers, my mother--members, years later, of the Clan of one-Breasted Women†. (p 2) â€Å"But one by one, I watched the women in my family die common, heroic deaths. We sat in waiting rooms hoping for good news, always receiving the bad. I cared for them, bathed their scarred bodies, and kept their secrets. I watched beautiful women become bald as cisplatin, Cytoxan, and Adriamycin were injected into their veins. I held their foreheads as they vomited green-black bile and I shot them with morphine when the pain became inhuman. In the end, I witnessed their last peaceful breaths, becoming a midwife to the rebirth of their souls.

Considering meeting the needs of children of different year groups Essay

Considering meeting the needs of children of different year groups within the discipline policy - Essay Example This included sanctions, praise and clarification of the rules within each classroom. The findings showed the key elements of the discipline policy were constant through the school. However, variances were in evidence when it came to reward systems and sanctions and the execution of them. This led the author to think that maybe the whole school policy within a school may require an element of consideration towards the needs of children in different year groups. This study compares whole schools’ rewards’ and sanctions’ policy relative to student behaviour, the implementation of these policies and how they meet the needs of the children in specific year groups. This comparative study is justified from personal experiences working as a teaching assistant in several schools. There always appeared to be similar systems in place where children would earn some semblance of reward points and then choose a reward from the gift box at the end of the school day or week. Having moved within school year groups it became apparent that were variations on reasons, how many and why reward points were given to the children. From the perspective of national objectives on schools’ learning environment, it is desirable that classrooms are conducive to optimal learning and teaching techniques. Both rewards and sanctions system are important parts of creating a classroom conducive to learning and teaching at optimal levels. Researche rs have consistently argued that a rewards system engages students and thus enhances learning (McLean 2001). It has also been a major national concern that approaches to learning and teaching techniques are consistent across the school, so that all students reach their full potential. In this regard, a systematic approach to rewards and sanctions’ system is therefore important so that all students are receiving the same message relative to outcomes

Understanding the various World Climate Types

Understanding the various World Climate Types Scientists used the word â€Å"Climate† to describe the precipitation and temperature of an area for a long period of time. They have defined the factors that have a great effect on temperature. These factors include latitude, wind, elevation, as well as the effect of the nearby ocean currents. The scientists pointed out that the factors which contribute primarily to precipitation are the prevailing winds and mountain ranges. As for the earths major climate zone, the scientists have divided the earth into three main regions: polar, temperature and tropical zone. In this study, we will discuss all that matters in details in addition to other matters which are related to the climate. (Ruddiman, et.al; (2005) 1- Factors affecting climate 1.1 Elevation: it is clear that the higher you go, the colder it gets. When oxygen becomes less in the air, it affects vegetation. The oxygen exists in the rain shadow of mountains leads to relief rain ( in the matter of fact the monsoons occurred when air goes up to passes over the Himalayas, carrying a lot of water. When it goes up, it cools and so cant carry the water, therefore it rains). 1.2 Latitude, location: the further you are from the equator, the colder it is. This because the sun rays coming on the earth are less and, therefore, they have less warming effect because the angle of the planet becomes near water resulting in altering the high specific heat capacity comparing to land. This means that water has the ability to absorb a lot of energy without showing a very big change in the temperature. The reverse is also true. Therefore the islands and areas which are surrounded by water have fewer variations in the temperature degree over the course of the year (including day and night, than continental places. (William F. Ruddiman (2005) 1.3 Wind: in the matter of fact, wind leads to reducing the ability of a place to support life. This because it removes away all the soil as well as what is needed to start life. At the coast, for example ,life only begins on the strand line because that keeps providing a little shelter against the wind , therefore the plants become capable to grow and they, in turn, lead to trapping the debris to become a bigger wind shelter etc. however, without the wind shelter, it would have just blown away. 1.4 Oceans: the oceans have a great effect on the climate. The Indian Ocean, for example, represents a signature of climate change over the past years. It has showed the temperatures the climate near Australia. By measuring and analyzing the climate, it is clear that there are changes in features of the ocean that cannot be explained by natural variability. These changes on the ocean climate are almost related to changes in the heat structure of the atmosphere and this affected the temperature of water by raising it in the Indian Ocean of around two degrees Celsius. There are many other factors such as atmosphere (thickness, composition), shape of land, ozone, and natural disaster such volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc. 2.0 Earths major climate zone 1. Polar o It is a known fact that the polar climate zone goes from North and South Poles to 60 degrees latitude. The annually average temperatures stand below freezing, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. There are some famous polar zones which include Alaskas and Canadas northern coasts as well as the southernmost tip of South America, in which the snow melts during the warmest periods of the year. Many areas have layers of ice or glaciers. They get up to 10 inches of precipitation yearly, this, in turn; result in making the area very dry. 2.2 Temperate o It is a known fact that the temperate zone is situated between the arctic or Polar Regions and the tropics, ranging from nearly 23.5 degrees to 66.5 degrees latitude, north and south of the equator. The areas which are very far from the equator may have snow during the winter season. The rains fall throughout the year closer to the equator. Yearly, the average temperatures range from 41 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Inland deserts are also included in temperate zone includes, such as the Gobi Desert in Central Asia and the Great Sandy Desert in Australia. (Edwards, et.al; (2001) 2.3 Tropical Zones o Tropical zones, in the matter of fact, tend to cover the area ranging from the Tropic of Capricorn, situated at 23.5 degrees south latitude, up to the Tropic of Cancer, situated at 23.5 degrees north latitude. The Tropical zones include high temperatures as well as humidity levels. Throughout the year, the temperature degree remains above 64 Fahrenheit. Throughout the day, temperature degree sometimes exceeds 95 Fahrenheit. It is known that the tropical climates have sub-tropical zones including rainforests, semi-arid zones and savannas. These climates have high levels of humidity as a result of the air convection and vertical uplift. Climate Changes In the matter of fact, the climate changes all over the world. Actually, we have new changes in the climate throughout the world. No one, all over the world, can deny this fact. Those changes may have a great effect on life throughout the world in general and on the Arabic area in particular. In fact, the problem of climate change has a relationship with the problems of the water or rivers resources and human health; therefore, these changes may have a negative effect on the economy of various countries throughout the world. Rising of temperature may lead to the destruction of many beaches; the matter may result in causing harm to the animals in the oceans. World Climate Type The Kà ¶ppen Climate Classification System is the system which is used throughout the world to classify the various types of climates in the world. The categories of this system are based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature as well as precipitation. The Kà ¶ppen system has identintified five major types of climate , each one of these types is distinguished by a capital letter. A Tropical Moist Climates: it a known fact that this type of climate has average temperatures exceeding 18 ° Celsius all months. B Dry Climates: it is well known that this type of climate has deficient precipitation nearly throughout the year. C Moist Mid-latitude Climates: this type of has Mild Winters. D Moist Mid-Latitude Climates: this type of climate has Cold Winters. E Polar Climates: this kind of climate has extremely cold winters and summers (Ruddiman, et.al; (2005) There are also 8 biomes. It is known that they represent the tropical forest, dessert, temperate grassland, savannah, temperate forest, coniferous (pine) forest, chaparral and tundra. There are some people who may count High Mountain and arctic as two extra biomes, however they theyre not really biomes because they dont have almost n plant life, How the oceans influence the climate It is a well known fact that the oceans have a great influence on the climate over long as well as short time-scales. On the longest time-scale of geologic time, the location and shape of the continents leads to specify the oceans circulation patterns. As continental plates drift at nearly 5 cm per year and mountain ranges rise by nearly 1 mm, it takes usually many years for new land formations in order to change the oceans. In the matter of fact, the patterns of ocean circulation can also change rapidly, leading to climate fluctuations and variations on a human time-scale. Records of regional, in particular, and global, in general, climate indicates periods continuing from years to centuries during which the climate was systematically different from earlier and later periods. Most of the scientists believe that this behavior has a relationship with the changes in the way that the oceans store and transport heat, though the precise causes of these changes are not always clear. (D. Q in, et.al; 2007) The scientists assured that there is a strong link between the oceans and the atmosphere indicating that they together form the most dynamic component of the climate system. The temperature and circulation patterns of the atmosphere-ocean system can be altered as a result of changes in external factors such the distribution of various plant species, the suns energy or the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Atmosphere and oceans can also generate internal fluctuations because they are turbulent. The currents and temperature of the underlying ocean can also be directly influenced by the short-term changes and fluctuations in wind or temperature (namely, weather), meanwhile oceanic fluctuations can diminish, magnify, or modify the atmospheric fluctuations. The scientists assured that the oceans play an important role in storing carbon and heat. The change in temperature becomes greater and faster over the land than the over the oceans especially when the earths surface cools or is heated by the sun. The ocean spread the effects of the temperature change for great distances through vertical mixing and convective movements because it is a fluid. On the contrary, the solid land cannot, therefore the suns heat penetrates only the thin, upper crust. The oceans ability to absorb more heat resulted in that when an area of ocean becomes cooler or warmer than usual, it takes much longer for that area to revert to normal than it would for a land area. This clarifies the reason that makes maritime climates tend to be less extreme than continental ones, with smaller day-night and winter-summer differences. The powerful currents lead to moving the oceans waters constantly. The currents of the surface are largely wind-driven, though the presence of continents, the rotation of the earth, as well as the oceans internal dynamics have a great influence. The density differences produced by cooling and heating as well as by and evaporation and precipitation lead to driving the deep-ocean flow. The behavior of the atmosphere actually has great effects on these density differences. Clouds, for example, can lead to cooling the sea by preventing the warming rays coming from the sun or reducing the surface salinity by bringing rain. The wind can also have a great influence on the evaporation rates by blowing more weakly or more strongly. By transporting heat, these currents have a great influence on the climate. The horizontal currents, especially the currents moving north or south, can carry cooled or warmed or water as far as many thousand kilometers. After that, the displaced water can cool or warm the air as well as the land over which this air passes. Water from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, for example, moves north through the Atlantic in a current with is well known as the Gulf Stream. There it passes the shores of Western Europe, resulting in producing the climate which is mild for that latitude. Scientists asserted that the currents which are involved in deep-water formation are very important for climate. Surface cooling, in winter, makes water become denser. (As the fresh-water which is cooled begins to expand at temperatures less than 4 C, salt-water continues to compress all the way down to its freezing point of -2 C.) .In the areas where the evaporation becomes more than precipitation, the resulting rise in salinity leads increasing density. Convective overturning occurs as well as the dense surface water mixes downwards especially when the surface water becomes denser than the underlying water. In some places this downward mixing can extend all the way to the bottom, even in deep oceans. Therefore, the dense, deep water which is formed spreads throughout the ocean. When the downward mixing occurs at high latitudes, as a result, it leads to creating a circulation pattern where the warm water from tropical and subtropical regions moves pole ward, surrenders heat to the a tmosphere, sinks, cools and flows back towards the equator. This in turn resulted in transporting the heat pole ward. Now it becomes clear that a small change in just one aspect of the oceans behavior can result in producing major climate variations over very bi areas of the earth. The cold-water formation areas represent good example of this possibly wide-spread phenomenon. Although the scientists asserted that there is an urgent need for conducting more researches, the oceanographers agreed that, as for the whole area north of 30 N latitude, the oceans pole ward transport of heat is equivalent to nearly 15 watts per square meter of the earths surface (W/m2). This actually can be compared with about 200 W/m2 from direct sunshine, and nearly 6 W/m2 for what climate change models predict will happen if the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide doubles. Ocean core records, recent observations, and many results denoted that North Atlantic deep-water formation as well as its ocean heat flow changes and fluctuate substantially over time-scales ranging from years up to millennia. Effect of climate change on oceans In the matter of fact, the climate change and variation may have a great effect on the oceans throughout the world. Actually, from the south Arctic with its diminishing sea ice to the new low-lying beach areas in England to the Great Barrier Reef, the temperature of the planet raised more than the last century. The sea level is continuously rising. The CO2 gas levels are constantly increasing. The planets and animals are appearing in some areas and disappearing from others. As for the climate variation and change, the oceans represent a wonderful source of indicators. The climate change, in general, has a great effect on these oceans are affected. The Climate change has also a great effect on the ocean animals such as the sea turtles, polar bears, penguins, right whales, lobsters, seals, and cod. The beach sea fish are also involved; therefore it is too important to work on ways that may lead to reducing the negative impacts that the climate has by supporting the research, creating pristine marine protected sanctuaries and promoting sustainable seafood. (Hansen, et.al: (2000). Conclusion Finally, we can safely say that climate play an important role in our world. In this study, we have tried to cover some of the main sides of the climate in the world. First, we touched upon one of the main sides of the climate in the world, namely, the factors that have a great effect on the climate explaining how these factors affect the climate greatly. Then we moved to another important point, that is, the earths major climate zone explaining how the scientists have divided the earth into three major regions: polar, temperature and tropical zone. We didnt stop at this point, but we continue to shed the light on the world climate type, the oceans influence on the climate and the effect of climate change on oceans to end our study with the effect of the climate change on the Indian Ocean.

Laughter Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Laughter "Analyzing humor is like dissecting a frog. Few people are interested and the frog dies of it." --E. B. White Why do people laugh? Laughter is contagious and therapeutic. It helps us cope with stress, and relax with friends. It is an indication of happiness, the sole reason we go on living. But what causes people to laugh? People laugh at jokes, semantic humor, which relies on cognitive ability to process the "humor" therein, or sometimes at slapstick type behavior requiring no intellectual understanding. People laugh at different things and for different reasons, and for the few that are interested at the expense of the frog, it can be interesting to investigate. Every individual varies in their neurological pathways through their "boxes" in their brain to reach the output of laughter from a number of different inputs. Laughter is caused by certain visual or audio stimuli, often by perception of the unexpected or the incongruous. A surprise in expected input can result in an emotional change, however major or minor. As H. Spencer says in his Physiology of Laughter, "the nervous system in general discharges itself on the muscular system in general: either with or without the guidance of the will" (1). Incongruous input causes an emotional change, and in the case of humorous response, resulting in the contraction of facial muscles and certain muscles in the abdomen. The epiglottis half closes the larynx, resulting in giggling, guffawing, or gasping, and tear ducts are activated. These outputs of the nervous system we refer to as laughter can be arrived at through a number of pathways through the boxes of the brain, fabricated in each individual throughout their life to that point. Although different parts o... ...2Bbut%2Bits%2Bbenefits%2Bare%2Bmany,%2Band%2Bunmistakably%2Bclear.%2B%2522%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG 6) encontrar el hueso divertido del cerebro , http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=es&sl=en&u=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web2/mdrejka.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522The%2Borigins%2Bof%2Blaughter%2Bare%2Bprimitive%2Band%2Bstill%2Blargely%2Bnot%2Bunderstood,%2Bbut%2Bits%2Bbenefits%2Bare%2Bmany,%2Band%2Bunmistakably%2Bclear.%2B%2522%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG 7) gerencia de la tensià ³n y causas de la tensià ³n , http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=es&sl=en&u=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web2/mdrejka.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522The%2Borigins%2Bof%2Blaughter%2Bare%2Bprimitive%2Band%2Bstill%2Blargely%2Bnot%2Bunderstood,%2Bbut%2Bits%2Bbenefits%2Bare%2Bmany,%2Band%2Bunmistakably%2Bclear.%2B%2522%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

Energy output of Bioethanol and Industrial Ethanol Essay

Aim The aim of this investigation is to determine which of the two derivatives of ethanol releases more energy, Bioethanol or Industrial Ethanol. Hypothesis The main compound in both alcohols has the same chemical formulae C2H5OH, and the other compounds are unknown therefore the Energy output cannot be calculated exactly by using standard bond enthalpies. However, as the main compound is known and the same for both ethanol’s the energy output should be very similar. Therefore the difference in energy output only depends on the compounds which are blended to the alcohols. Apparatus – Thermometer – Metal can x2 – Draught shield x4 – Gloves – Safety spectacles – Heat-resistant mat – Insulation card – 100cm3 measuring cylinder x2 – Spirit burner – Clamp stand – Balance – Matches Substances – E100 Bioethanol – Industrial Ethanol – Water Method The idea to do the experiment the way described is due to knowledge from past experiments and the IB textbook. Follow these steps 10 times, five times for each alcohol. Step 1: Measure 50cm3 of alcohol in a measuring cylinder Step 2: Weigh and record the empty spirit burner Step 3: Fill the 50cm3 of alcohol in the spirit burner Step 4: Weigh and record the filled spirit burner Step 5: Measure 100cm3 of Water in a measuring cylinder Step 6: Fill the water into the metal can Step 7: Set up the Apparatus as displayed (1 draught shield in each direction, south, north, west and east, forming a box around the apparatus; assure there are 2cm of space between the bottom of the metal can and the cotton wick) Step 7: Record the initial temperature of water Step 8: Light the cotton wick of the spirit burner Step 9: Record the temperature every 15 seconds until the cotton wick loses its flame Step 10: Weigh the spirit burner with the remaining alcohol to calculate how many grams of alcohol have been used Varables – Temperature: Temperature of Water will be measured before every experiment. The whole experiment takes place at room temperature. – Volume of Water: 100cm3 – Mass of alcohol: 50cm3 filled in spirit burner. The mass will be measured before and after the experiment to figure how much has been used. – Time: record every 15 seconds – Concentration of alcohol: 1M – Surface area of metal can which flame is heating up: same cans will be used and positioned at same place above the cotton wick to keep this constant. – Length of cotton wick: 0.5cm – Distance from cotton wick to bottom of metal can: 2cm Hazard Warnings – Industrial Ethanol: Highly flammable. Therefore wear gloves and safety spectacles – Bioethanol: Highly flammable. Therefore wear gloves and safety spectacles Chemistry HL – Plan of Investigation