`` Design Is For Living `` - 1601 Words

â€Å"Design is for living†. The adage fashioned a widespread shift in design during the 1940s and 1950s. It revolutionized the form by creating an electrifying visual language that signaled a new age and a fresh start- two of the powerhouses were Charles and Ray Eames. The Eameses were a husband and wife team whose unique synergy led to a whole new expression in furniture and architecture. The couple advocated the principles of Modernism through the adaptation of innova ¬tion from wartime technology .Their design style can be branded as â€Å"California Modernism,† a term that is often used interchangeably with â€Å"Mid-Century Modernism.† This distinct style embodied an approach to design that opposed the â€Å"social conscience† of the Bauhaus in order to embrace looser, warmer design which was both more expressive of local character and in touch with the realities of commerce and salesmanship. With the west-coast coming-of-age, economy shift from ma king goods to producing information and the global expansion of American culture; their lives and work embodied some of America’s defining movements. They contributed to architecture, film, industrial and graphic design. They were known as pioneers of affordable mass production and residential constructions. The evolution from furniture designers to cultural ambassadors validated their bents and overlaps with country’s interest and projected how design can enhance the lives and practical needs of ordinary people and not just the elite. In 1940,Show MoreRelatedan activity space design of a living room Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pages2 Brief description of design style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Design of an cativity space and its descript†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 3d rendering †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.....10 Introduction Interior design describes a group of various yet related projects that involve turning an interior space into an effective setting for the range of human activities that are to take place there. An interior designer is someone who coordinates and manages such projects. Interior design is a multifaceted professionRead MoreHow Does Design Make Life Easier For A Small Living Space?2133 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Along with significant increases in the urban population in China, the requirements of living spaces have also greatly increased. Many contradictions and problems in China s economic and social development are closely associated with the issue of population, which has become the key factor and primary problem restricting China s living space development. As the price of urban housing has trended ever upwards in recent years, small dwelling-size apartments are becoming more desirableRead MoreProcess Design Matrix : A Service Industry Company And Young Living Essential Oils761 Words   |  4 PagesProcess Design Matrix The process design matrix is going to vary based on what type of industry you reside in. There is the service industry and the product industry. The service industry provides non tangible items to the marketplace where the product industry provides products that are tangible (Jacobs Chase, 2014,). The process design matrix is formatted the same way for both industries; however, the way that each industry proceeds is vastly different. We are going to focus on what is differentRead MoreWhat Are Subdivided Flat? Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesAccounting to Society for Community Organisation(SoCO), more than 40,000 Hong Kong children are living in subdivided flats where can’t fulfil basic living standards set out in a United Nations convention (2016). SoCO (2014) found out that lack of space for children to study and play are common problem in subdivided flats. The interactive play experience with families and peers is also highly reduced due to living environment of subdivided flat. Almost 80% of children have never invited their friend toRead MoreHow Of Design Furnitures And Spaces For Small House1553 Words   |  7 PagesHow to design furnitures and spaces for small house. In the globalization ages, all nations confronting the overpopulation problems, its may sound general while overpopulation hidden many consequence toward the livings and resources. There can be no doubt that the supply of natural resources will be extremely lower than the demand. To elucidate further, there will be inadequate living spaces, house and home; it is supremely essential for us to live in the lovely house. Numerous people living in theRead MoreEssay on Solar Energy1538 Words   |  7 Pagesgreen building and solar passive idioms is nothing new to the alternative energy market, but it does raise a few different questions about the role of humans co-existing with nature and their living spaces. This paper will discuss the aesthetic values of living in tune with the earth through passive design. For thousands and thousands of years, man lived on the earth as we still do today. Nomadic peoples resorted to hunting and gathering, which gave way to organized agriculture that developedRead MoreThe Design Argument for the Existence of God Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Design Argument for the Existence of God While theology may take Gods existence as absolutely necessary on the basis of authority, faith, or discovery, many philosophers have thought it possible to demonstrate by reason that there must be a God. The teleological argument, also known as the argument from design quite simply states that a designer must exist since the universe and living things display elements of design in their order, consistency, unity and patternRead MoreModern Landscape Design Is The Arrangement Of Environments For People929 Words   |  4 Pagescontext of landscape design, is a result of forms and functions that reflect the need for outdoor living spaces that enhance contemporary lifestyles. As Garrett Eckbo, one of the central figures in modern landscape architecture, said, landscape design is the arrangement of environments for people. Contemporary garden design tends to focus on scale as opposed to formal landscape designs that are based on axial relationships. It also foregoes the more classic landscape design forms and larger scaleRead MoreLimitations of the Arguments towards the Existence of God Essays1302 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity spread among the Europe. From the Middle Ages up till now, many monks and Scholars try to prove the God exist and their arguments can be divided into four categories including ontological arguments, cosmological arguments, arguments from design and pragmatic arguments. Ontological Arguments Ontological argument was first proposed by St. Anselm of Canterbury in 11th century. It is an argument for God’s existence based on reason and without experience or observation. Anselm suggested thatRead MoreOnline Healthy Living Game For Children771 Words   |  4 PagesOnline Healthy Living Game for Children Course-Specific Learning Outcomes Computing (CO) Students successfully completing the route will: C.1 become skilled in techniques of analysis and design appropriate for the development of Information systems; C.2 have a range of programming skills and demonstrate those skills through implementation of Systems; C.3 understand theoretical concepts associated with database management systems and Become proficient in the design, construction and exploitation

Eveline by James Joyce Essay - 1152 Words

The choices we make in life will always have an effect on us one way or another in our future. The choices at times can help benefit or in some way destroy of life and our future. Fears of the unknown and change have always found a way of rearing their ugly head and making us second guess ourselves. At times, fear of the unknown is so great that the choice we were supposed to make becomes unthinkable, unbearable, and even unreachable. Not many people can deal with the tension of the fear even if it means eventually having a better life for them or someone else. However, there are people who are strong enough to fight it with everything they have in their body, mind, and sprit. There are people like Eveline who find a decision too†¦show more content†¦In the story, Eveline â€Å"sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue† (Meyer, 420). For most of the story she sat at the window just thinking. Thinking about how her life had turned out. Thinking about the promises she had made. Thinking about the two little children she had babysat. Sitting at the window just had her thinking about what could possibly be and the life she would be leaving behind. The window symbolizes many things in this story. Outside the window is a whole world waiting to be explored by her. Looking outside the window she can see many things she have never done before which is just a touch away. After her mother’s death Eveline did not find joy in the life she was living. She wanted to escape the life however she had made a promise to her mother and even though she is dead it was hard for Eveline to break it even at the cost of not living her life the way she wants too. In the passage the author James Joyce describe how life in the house had been for her, how good her life was before her mother had passed away. Looking out the window expresses her desired to escape the life she is living. Eveline sat at the window for hours just remembering how good of a chi ldhood she had. The joy she use to feel as a child is has found its way to her life through Frank. Frank wanted to show her there is more to life than what she is use to. Many people want the opportunity but are afraid to grab theShow MoreRelatedEveline by James Joyce Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesgo back in time, and change things that are already happened. Our past plays a big role in our future, but we should not get stuck in our memories if they keep us away from moving on. In â€Å"Eveline†, James Joyce tells us a story about a girl who lives in Dublin , and is about to make a major life decision. Eveline wanted to have her freedom, but she was afraid to run away because she had a lot of responsibilities. Was she going to put her fears on the side and let the romance lead her life, or was sheRead MoreSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce1327 Words   |  6 PagesChoices In the short story â€Å"Eveline,† written by James Joyce in 1914, Eveline lived a poverty stricken life with her father, whom was an abusive drunk. Eveline struggles with wanting to leave her dead end life or stay and take care of her father, which she believes is her duty. James Joyce’s â€Å"Eveline† tells a story of a girl who longs to live her own life away from her dark depressing home and her abusive father and start a new life with Frank who offers her a new life that she has only dreamed ofRead MoreReview Of Eveline By James Joyce1684 Words   |  7 PagesJames Joyce’s short story, â€Å"Eveline,† displayed Eveline’s indecisiveness on whether to leave home or stay at home. In the first part of the story, Eveline lost the physical presence of her family and friends; they either preceded in death or moved to another place. As she tried to develop her new life with her father, she noticed her father’s violent actions that she does all she can to escape the violence (Joyce, par. 9). When she explored life with Frank, she developed feelings for Frank in orderRead MoreSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce1617 Words   |  7 PagesThis is a story of an eighteen year old girl named Eveline, who was beaten, abused, threatened and frustrated by her father, in which she makes a decision to run away from home. But when she flashed back on the promises she made to her mother, she decided to stay with her family â€Å"strange that it should come that very night to remind her of the promise to her mother, her promise to keep the home together as long as she could† (James Joyce 204). Eveline wisely realized that leaving her family was notRead MoreSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce960 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1914 James Joyce wrote a short story called â€Å"Eveline.† The story is about a young girl who wants have freedom and happiness. Also for someone to be there and love her. Eveline is faced with a d ifficult decision of staying with a family that has practically already fallen apart, or leaving with her future husband, Frank. Eveline lives in a place called Dublin with what is left of her family. Eveline has a big family with brothers and sisters, but one her brothers passed. His name was Ernest andRead MoreSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce1811 Words   |  8 Pagesin â€Å"Eveline† Through symbolism, history, and allusion, James Joyce depicts a struggle between paralysis and motivation in the short story, â€Å"Eveline.† The story shifts between the happenings of present day and past recollections. Early on, the protagonist, Eveline makes the decision to leave home in order to make a better life for herself. She wants to flee from her abusive, alcoholic father. Eveline determines that it is time to make her own choices. When it comes time to leave, Eveline is mentallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Eveline By James Joyce954 Words   |  4 PagesEveline The story begins with a silver lining in a memory that deepens into a pit of depression The narrator helps to describe her memories as Eveline, staring blankly out a window, wallows in her conflicting feelings of adoration and isolation. Today in many places, what takes place in Dublin during 1914 as common place family dynamics, can be recognized as a cyclical pattern of abuse between a controlling and manipulative father, his demure and defenseless wife, and their helpless and hopefulRead MoreA Childhood Full of Pain in the Book, Eveline by James Joyce742 Words   |  3 Pages In the short story Eveline, by James Joyce. Eveline, the main character of the story has an exciting chance to leave her old life behind and begin a new one, in a new country. The story is about a difficult childhood full of pain. The family bonds in Eveline are almost like chains. Eveline seems to be burdened both physically and mentally by her parents. Her mother who died left her to fulfill th e responsibilities and duties of hers, but when she is offered an escape from this life, sheRead MoreA Similar Life Within A Story: Eveline by James Joyce1443 Words   |  6 Pagesindescribable. Many people live out their lives based off how that one person would want them to live. James Joyces short story, Eveline, is an example of how promises are hard to break. As James Joyce writes his stories, his characters and themes share similarities within his own life, giving them more value and much more meaning behind the importance of the story. To begin with, Eveline is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she has to choose between living with her fatherRead MoreEssay about Character Analysis of James Joyce Eveline1432 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 122 Ms. Purvis An Analysis of a Promise The short story written by James Joyce â€Å"Eveline† is about a young lady who lives her life in a promise. The promise is to her mother, who had passed away, that no matter how bad the family became, she would always keep it together. At a significant point in Eveline’s life, she was given the opportunity to leave the family and start a family of her own. Although Eveline is miserable with her life, she runs from Frank with no love in her eyes and

Reconstructing A Crime Scene Essay Example For Students

Reconstructing A Crime Scene Essay Reconstructing a Crime Scene It was a gorgeous Thursday afternoon.The men were in the family room watching the special Thanksgiving Day football game.The Chicago Bears were playing against the Minnesota Vikings.Norton McCarthy and his brother-in-law, Simon Fletcher, were wagering as to whom had the better offense.From looking at the score, you would have to agree with Norton; the Vikingsdeep in Bears territorywere winning, 24-7, late in the fourth quarter.As the Vikings scored yet another touchdown, it all but settled their bets. The time clock finally ticked down to zero; the Bears had lost by twenty-eight points. Simon got up, and quickly flipped the channel until he came across an old Clint Eastwood movie: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly.He sat back down with a grim look on his face. Those sons-of-bitches, Simon uttered.He was heartbroken and disappointed to see the Bears take such a serious butt whipping.He was especially embarrassed that he had to sit through this massacre in the company of his brother-in-law. Now, calm down son.It was only a game.Lets enjoy the holiday festivities, Simons father advised. Norton observed the collection of moose heads and gun racks hanging along the walls.He picked-up one of the hunting magazines that were lying on the coffee table, and flips through a couple of pages.Then, he stops and studies a page for a few seconds.Simon gave a snide glance from the corner of eyes while he continued listening to the rampage of gunfire on the television.Hey Simon, check out that beauty.He opens the magazine in full length to show Simon.Ah, now why on earth would anyone want to kill one of Gods sweet innocent creations, Norton lashed. Simon looked; it was a beautiful white rabbit hanging from a rope on the back of a 44 flatbed.Dawn, I would have loved to shoot that sucker.I havent caught one all year, Simon answered. Simon, Norton passionately responds, look into the eyes of this creature and tell it that you will not have any remorse for killing them.Simon snatches the magazine and looks directly into the eyes of the rabbit and uttered, You lucky son-of-a-bitch, you better be glad he got to you before I did.I for certain would have gotten you and your mama, Simon taunts as he releases a huge laughter, and tosses the magazine back at Norton. You should be ashamed of yourself for saying that, Norton responded.I for one do not see how you, and your beer-guzzling buddy, can label killing this sweet innocent animals as a recreational sport.If I had things my way, I would permanently ban this so-called idiotic sport.I personally think hunting should be outlawed until wildlife develops the ability to shoot back.If you want to hunt something, pick with someone your own size Saint Francis Of Assisi EssayAt 1:00 p.m., Simon hurried to the conference room where a mandatory meeting was being held.He made it just in time, however, was unprepared and had forgotten to bring his paperwork.All of the section heads and big men attended. The meeting lasted until 3:00 p.m. Simon was not very productive in the meeting.No one was pleased with his performance either. Around 4:35 p.m., one of Simons coworkers, William Parnell, walked by and notice him steadily working.He seemed anxious trying to finish something. Shortly afterward, the frustration got too heavy for Simon to bare; so, he left work.It was an agonizing day for him.Moments later, he notices Nortons home again.Sweat popped out of his forehead again. At 5:50 p.m., Simon finally makes it home after a long day.On his way home, he had stopped by a convenience store, and bought a gallon of milk and a lottery ticket.It took awhile to purchase the lottery ticket.It was worth almost $80 million dollars, and everyone was trying to get a piece of the pie. He fixed himself a bowl of rabbit stew, and retired to the family room.As he began to eat his rabbit stew, he noticed the magazine that Norton had been reading on the day of their argument.He picked it up and gave a deep frown. Well, heres to you stupid son-of-a-bitch!Simon says as he rams a big spoonful of stew to his mouth. Sitting there eating rabbit stew and glancing through the hunting magazine only brought back more memories of the Thanksgiving Day fiasco. He was becoming enraged.Mary heard the yelling and came to calm his temper. At 7:30 p.m., Sarah called home from work to tell Norton she was going out for drinks after work with a few coworkers.No one answered the telephone, so she left the message on the answering machine. Mary finally convinces Simon to take a warm bath and retire for the rest of the night.Simon takes an extended bath, shaves, and then gets into bed.Their three-year-old daughter comes in and asks Mary to read her a bedtime story.She agreed and read The Three Little Pigs, while Simon reclined on the bed with his eyes closed, yet listening to every word Mary uttered. About 9:15 p.m., after coming home from a night out, Sarah wanted nothing else but to take a quick shower and get into bed.She walked through the house looking for Norton.She wanted to let him know she had made it back safety. Around 11:15 p.m., the Fletchers telephone rings.They were in their bedroom watching the nightly news with their daughter.Mary leans over to answer the telephone.It was Sarah, weeping very heavily.Norton had been murdered; he had been stabbed thirteen times and beaten over the head with a blunt instrument.Mary was completely speechless; she could not believe what she had heard.She told Simon about the ordeal.He simply shook his head, and said, What is this world coming to.Mary and Sarah swore no knives were missing from either their households.The police could not find many witnesses.However, Erin and Stan JohnsonThe McCarthys neighborsafter a lengthy interrogation, did recall seeing a red Ford Escort with rust spots drive into the McCarthys driveway at approximately 5:00 p.m.Yet, they could not recall if the car was big or small, dark or light.

William Shakespeare is undisputedly, the worlds greatest playwright Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeare is undisputedly, the worlds greatest playwright Essay William Shakespeare is undisputedly, the worlds greatest playwright. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564. The subject of my essay is on his most famous play, Romeo Juliet. The play is about two families in a huge dispute, the Montagues and Capulets. The main themes of the play are love and hate. Shakespeare makes this clear in Act 1 scene 5 of the play, the section I am writing about. In the play, the families start a public brawl and are then told that any more violence will result in banishment. Tybalt, Juliets cousin, then kills Romeos best friend, Mercutio, so Romeo kills Tybalt and is then banished. During the violence, a romance develops between Romeo and Juliet. They are then married in secret. At the end of the play, they kill themselves. This play was later made into a Hollywood film. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeare is undisputedly, the worlds greatest playwright specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the play, the two main themes of violence and romance are pushed to the forefront. The director, Baz Luhrman, has done this by altering the dialogue. Text has been added, removed and the order of lines has been changed. I will prove this by describing what costume has been worn and the dialogue that has been changed. In the film version of the play, Romeo and Juliet, Baz Luhman pushes two main themes to the forefront. Violence has been changed to modern day; meaning that guns have been used instead of swords. Special effects have been added to enhance the affects of the shootouts and blood. Also, in the scene I am studying, costumes have been added. The romantic dialogue being unaltered has enhanced Romance. During the romantic scenes, romantic music has been played in the background, and again, costumes have added to increase the emotional power. Each of the important characters wears a costume that represents or signifies something about the character and what happens in the play. Romeo, for example, is dressed as a knight. His costume is of chrome armour, signifying that he is Juliets knight in shining armour. Hes also wearing dark chain mail, perhaps to avoid being identified. The fact that he is a knight also suggests that there is to be some fighting later on in the story. Being a knight also suggests that he is protective and will be involved in some sort of fight. Tybalt is wearing a business suit underneath a devils costume, therefore suggesting that he is going to take care of some business and reflecting how evil he really is. The devil is associated with death and gives you the impression that someone will die. Another point is that his costume. Red is a colour associated with danger, supporting my theory of a later death. Mr and Mrs Capulet are both dressed similar. They are both dressed as very rich and powerful figureheads of authority; Julius Cesar and Cleopatra. These people were very rich, powerful people who are very well known to people worldwide. This tells me that they are very popular, rich, powerful important people. Juliet is dressed as an angel. Angels are pure and innocent. Purity is usually represented by the colour white, which is also the colour of an angel costume. However, angels are related with the subject of death. It gives an omnibus feeling that she will die. Another point to be noted is that she wears no make-up; symbolizing the purity and beauty that she possesses. Another part of the original play has been edited and that is the dialogue. Words, phrases and complete sections have been rearranged and removed to push the main themes to the forefront. .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c , .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .postImageUrl , .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c , .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c:hover , .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c:visited , .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c:active { border:0!important; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c:active , .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf70bbb40af964413f87d5f87442c463c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: J.B. Priestley's Intention in Writing An Inspector Calls EssayTo enhance the romantic side of the play, section 1 has been extracted. The same for section 2. this is because they are not important to the two themes, they are just excessive lines.

Civil Rights in America essays

Civil Rights in America essays African Americans have been struggling for equality for many decades. It only seems that during the 1960's is when there were actual significant advances made. This was about the same time that civil rights came into the political scene. Throughout the South, Blacks were still in the majority, but had no political power what so ever. The Civil Rights Movement gave African Americans a voice and a chance to make a difference. The 1960's helped open up hope and expectations for Black Americans. One of the most prominent men of his time, Martin Luther King Jr. was known as "A national hero and a civil rights figure of growing importance" (Discovering 1). "Martin Luther King Jr. aroused whites and blacks to protest racial discrimination, poverty and war" (Compton's 244). On August 28, 1963 King made one of his most influential speeches ever at the March on Washington. His "I have a dream" speech had a major impact on all of America. His speech urged people to be judged by their character and not by the color of their skin (Civil Rights 148). King was a man who didn't believe in violence. The way he got his point across was not through violence, but through peaceful protest just as Gandhi had done. Martin Luther organized sit-ins, marches and boycotts. This was otherwise known as civil disobedience. King believed that it was now time to end segregation and discrimination in the South and throughout the entire country (Civil Rights 84). King helped bring together many blacks that were looking for peaceful solutions to racial oppression in the United States. King became the youngest man ever to win the Nobel peace prize in 1964. Another young man who fought for civil rights was Malcolm X. Otherwise known as X, he was the opposite of King. Instead of peaceful protest, he chose to meet violence with violence. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted to fight racism with love and Malcolm X wanted blacks to fight back when they were attacked. "He was one of ...

The Molting Process for Insect Growth

The Molting Process for Insect Growth Molting,  known technically as ecdysis, is literally a period of growth for insects. In humans, an analogy can be drawn to molting as a period of personal transformation, such as the shedding of ones old self and the emergence of a new and improved person. Insects grow in increments. Each stage of growth ends with molting, the process of shedding and replacing the rigid exoskeleton. People often think molting is the simple act of an insect breaking out of its skin and leaving it behind. In truth, the process is complex and involves several parts. When Insects Molt After egg hatches, the immature insect feeds and grows. Its exoskeleton is like a shell. Eventually, the larva or nymph must shed its unyielding overcoat to continue its development. The exoskeleton which serves as its  external backbone is used for protection and support. Without an  exoskeleton, the insect could not survive. An old exoskeleton is shed when a new one is ready underneath, a process that can take days or weeks. Understanding the Exoskeleton To understand how molting occurs, it helps to know the three layers of the insect exoskeleton. The outermost layer is called the cuticle. The cuticle protects the insect against physical injury and water loss, as well as provides rigidity for muscle. It is this outermost layer that sheds during a molt. Underneath the cuticle is the epidermis. It is responsible for secreting a new cuticle when it is time to shed the old one. Underneath the epidermis is the basement membrane. This membrane is what separates the insect’s main body from its exoskeleton. The Process of Molting In molting, the epidermis separates from the outermost cuticle. Then, the epidermis forms a protective layer around itself  and secretes chemicals that break down the insides of the old cuticle. That protective layer becomes part of the new cuticle. When the epidermis has formed the new cuticle, muscular contractions and air intake cause the insect’s body to swell, thus splitting open the remains of the old cuticle. Finally, the new cuticle hardens. The bug squeezes out from the outgrown exoskeleton. The insect must continue to swell and expand the new cuticle, so it is large enough to allow room for more growth. The new overcoat is soft and much paler than the former one, but over a few hours, it becomes darker and begins to harden. Within a few days, the insect appears to be a slightly larger copy of its former self. Pros and Cons of Molting For some insects, a  big benefit to having a system of molting for growth is that it allows damaged tissue and missing limbs to be  regenerated  or substantially reformed. Complete regeneration may require a series of molts, the stump becoming a little larger with each molt until it is a normal or nearly back to normal size. A  major disadvantage to having to molt  as a system of growth is that the animal in question is entirely incapacitated during the process. An insect is completely vulnerable to a predator attack while undergoing molting.

Ruskins Influence on Victorian Architecture Essay

Ruskins Influence on Victorian Architecture - Essay Example For many years, theorists in Victoria believed that a building not only conveyed meanings but also communicate these meanings in deep precision.1 The meanings communicated vary widely from the society, past, present, the architect, occupants, materials, man, God, its functions, among other meanings, all encoded in its form. However, most Victorian authors believed that between the Middle Ages and the 19th century, the unique architecture in Victoria lost its identity and meaning, and had become dishonest, empty and irrelevant.1 Ruskin was called a prophet and a true polymath with thorough knowledge of the Bible, which he deeply knew, and intimately meditated by heart.2 He was later to use this knowledge to reform this art that had lost meaning. Due to this immense understanding, Ruskin sought to know more and understand the world around him, and would later become a reformer to remedy the evils of a â€Å"dissolutely reforming and vulgarly manufacturing age.†3 Ruskin saw an En gland that had sacrificed, and ignored the love of man, and had embraced the love of wealth and progress, which was honesty to self-interests. 1. Kaufman N.E., (1982). The weight and vigor of their masses: mid-Victorian churches and the lamp of Power in the Ruskin Polygon. Manchester: John Dixon Hunt., p30 2. Atwood, S.E., (2006). â€Å"A cowslip form an oxlip and a blackthorn form a white:† Ruskin’s educational; philosophy and Fors Clavigera. UMI, Ann Arbor, 48106-1346., p1 3. Craig, D.M., (2004). Naves and Nukes: John Ruskin as â€Å"Augustinian† social theorist? Journal of Religious Ethics, 32(2); pp325-356. Ruskin remarked that the world had forgotten and done way with its soul, and has to be brought back to the things that determined its peace and coexistence.4 It was due to the immorality in the society that Ruskin developed a moral philosophy, which he taught through architectural works and drawings. For example, he likened buildings with sentiment beings remarking that the wall should be â€Å"like an organized creature†, which answer, and can end in living energetically. Generally, Ruskin remarked how wonderful it would be to read buildings, and how more wonderful it would be, if these buildings could speak to people.5 Ruskin aim was to transform the society in England through his deep moral teachings, and love for nature that represented coexistence and harmony. His â€Å"logical drives through deep religious impulses was not a clerical career but was more of a prophetic one†.6 Through his artistic work Ruskin, continued to advocate social reforms, though he declined any pretensions of leadership.6 To explain his simplicity and value for home as representing families, Ruskin had much if his paintings on domestic architecture. Ruskin had a love for picturesque, the essence of a house as a home, and the idea that a home has to be built by the inhabitants.7 Largely, Ruskin opened a new dimension in artistic work where he saw artistic work, and economic life as mutually reinforcing realms of human entity, either for good or bad, depending on the social relationships that govern the two.8 His treasure on unity and aesthetic is found when he defended the gothic style in terms of its appreciation for higher and lower nature of all things.9 4. Masterfield, J. (1920).

Case study information system in management Essay

Case study information system in management - Essay Example From there, the next thing I will do is to create a team of experts that would help me plan and reorganize the system with in the department. I would use the Gantt chart to lay out my proposed schedule to administer the reorganizing of staff and revising of the system in order to revive what the department has lost both in finances and clients. At the same time having the Gantt chart will help the department be able to know (in detail) what are the steps that we are about to do and we know what we need to accomplish and when we should be able to accomplish it. The Pert Chart is also necessary especially for the reorganization of the information system. In one of the seminars or trainings that I plan to hold as part of the reconstruction of the department, I would provide them the Pert Chart to show them the concrete steps that is needed in information system. This way, the staff would be able to understand that each steps under the Pert Chart is significant and also they would be able to understand and realize that all of them would need to follow the steps accordingly.

Role of Students Essay Example for Free

Role of Students Essay Students constitute a vast segment of India’s population. They are young and dynamic. They can play a major role in various developmental activities going on in the country. This can come about only if their energies are channelised properly. During the freedom movement, Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru and other political leaders gave a lead to the students. The result was that students joined the struggle for Independence in large numbers. India became Independent on 15th August, 1947. It seems that after India achieved Independence, students were left with no worth-while aim. Students have been indulging in acts of indiscipline and rowdyism in different universities, colleges and schools. This shows that the student-power is being misused for destructive purposes. In fact, students lack proper guidance and good leadership. There is no one to tell them how they should use their energies for constructive purposes. Students played a crucial role during the pre-Independence era under the able leadership of leaders and there is no reason why they cannot play the same role in the post-Independence era for the betterment of the country and its people Every university, college and school is in the grip of student indiscipline. Students hold rallies, stage demonstrations, conduct agitations and resort to strikes to press their various demands. They do not respect even their own teachers. They disobey the orders of college authorities. They go to the extent of taking the law into their own hands. They do not spare even the police. All this adversely affects their studies. But no one cares for their future. For this state of affairs, we cannot blame the students alone. Often, it is the political leaders of our country who incite the students against the authorities. They exploit student-power for their own political ends. They do not realise that they are playing with the lives and careers of the students. In fact, students possess great power. Because of the lack of able leadership, they do not know how to use this power in the best interests of the country. If there is a constrictive and healthy leadership, students’ power can be utilized for bringing about social, economic and political reforms in the country. If the students respond to their duty towards their country, there is no doubt that they will become worthy citizens of a worthy country. There are a number of ways in which students can serve their country. First, students should inculcate in them the spirit of discipline. No nation can progress without discipline. If countries like U. S. A. , U. K. , Germany, France and Japan have become advanced countries, it is all due to the discipline of their people. The Indian society suffers from a number of social evils. The worst is the evil of dowry. Dowry deaths are taking place almost every day in all major cities of the country. No doubt the Government has passed a law by virtue of which giving or accepting a dowry has become an offence. But law alone is not enough. Students can help to root out this evil by taking a pledge that they will not demand or accept any dowry at the time of their marriages. The students can also help in the removal of other social evils like child marriage, casteism, untouchability, drinking, gambling, etc. Another important role for the students can be to work for National Integration. They should fight evils like communalism, casteism, linguism, regionalism, etc. They should think of themselves as Indians first and Indians last. Sometimes natural calamities like earthquake, flood, drought, etc. afflict one part or the other of our country resulting in heavy loss of life and property. Students can provide relief to the stricken people by raising funds for them and organising relief works. Students can use their vast knowledge by providing education to the illiterate. The students of today are the citizens of tomorrow. Thus the India of tomorrow belongs to the students. By performing a positive and a constructive role, students can make India strong and prosperous.

Greed in The Pearl and The Red Pony :: Pearl Essays

Greed in The Pearl and The Red Pony The novels "The Pearl ," and "The Red Pony ," both portray a message about life. In The Pearl , Steinbeck tells about a great pearl that is found and lost by a Mexican villager. The value of the pearl is great, and with the value comes much greed from others and troubles for the villager. This is a tale that depicts human nature and the way of humanity. The Red Pony, is a story of a young boy and his great dreams. This book tells the reader about the dreams of a farm boy, the land and about the fulfillment of life. These two novels are both similar to each other, telling of humans strength, and the greed in life. In The Pearl , the Mexican fisherman, Kino is very poor, but relatively happy. Kino is very close with his wife Juana, his baby son Coyotito and with the other fishermen. While diving for pearls one day, Kino discovers an extremely old and large oyster. Inside the oyster Kino finds the great pearl. The pearl is worth much and with it comes the promise of a better life for Kino and his family. The life of Kino and his family are changed forever by the greed of other people who begin to want the pearl for themselves. After much hardship, Kino realizes that the pearl could only bring more trouble, and casts the pearl out to sea. The Red Pony tells of a young boy, Jody, and his life on a small ranch. Several big events in Jody's life are depicted in this novel, including a red pony colt, the last wishes of an old Mexican man, dreams of the great mountains, and his grandfathers reflections of the past. In both of the novels the characters are down to earth, real humans. They also have fortitude and are not weak minded. In The Pearl , Kino is pushed and badgered by people trying to steal his pearl and finally he stops running and kill before being killed himself. In the struggle, however Kino's' baby is killed, bringing much sorrow to the family. The boy Jody faces much temptation in The Red Pony . A person could deduce, after reading theses books that greed and selfishness can dramatically change people and their behavior. Some of the villagers with better morals ". Greed in The Pearl and The Red Pony :: Pearl Essays Greed in The Pearl and The Red Pony The novels "The Pearl ," and "The Red Pony ," both portray a message about life. In The Pearl , Steinbeck tells about a great pearl that is found and lost by a Mexican villager. The value of the pearl is great, and with the value comes much greed from others and troubles for the villager. This is a tale that depicts human nature and the way of humanity. The Red Pony, is a story of a young boy and his great dreams. This book tells the reader about the dreams of a farm boy, the land and about the fulfillment of life. These two novels are both similar to each other, telling of humans strength, and the greed in life. In The Pearl , the Mexican fisherman, Kino is very poor, but relatively happy. Kino is very close with his wife Juana, his baby son Coyotito and with the other fishermen. While diving for pearls one day, Kino discovers an extremely old and large oyster. Inside the oyster Kino finds the great pearl. The pearl is worth much and with it comes the promise of a better life for Kino and his family. The life of Kino and his family are changed forever by the greed of other people who begin to want the pearl for themselves. After much hardship, Kino realizes that the pearl could only bring more trouble, and casts the pearl out to sea. The Red Pony tells of a young boy, Jody, and his life on a small ranch. Several big events in Jody's life are depicted in this novel, including a red pony colt, the last wishes of an old Mexican man, dreams of the great mountains, and his grandfathers reflections of the past. In both of the novels the characters are down to earth, real humans. They also have fortitude and are not weak minded. In The Pearl , Kino is pushed and badgered by people trying to steal his pearl and finally he stops running and kill before being killed himself. In the struggle, however Kino's' baby is killed, bringing much sorrow to the family. The boy Jody faces much temptation in The Red Pony . A person could deduce, after reading theses books that greed and selfishness can dramatically change people and their behavior. Some of the villagers with better morals ".

Men are Becoming More Evil Essay

I believe that in the last couple of decades man is becoming more evil. Many blame the media. Then there are those who blame the increasing number of dysfunctional family and the weakening relationship between parents and children. Whatever the cause, one thing is clear, and that is men are becoming more cruel, violent, inhuman and evil. Global crime rate, for example, has shown that all countries around the world have steady increase in robbery, homicide and other crimes. The total recorded crime trends have therefore shown similar steady increase in the last 50 decades. This was reported by the United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems. Juvenile delinquency is also increasing as reported by World Youth Report, 2003. In fact, in many Western European countries, from the 80s to the 90s, statistics show that there is a significant increase in juvenile delinquency rate from 50% to 100%. Moreover, although delinquency is universal, study has shown that there are different contributing factors to delinquency among different regions. For example, in Africa, the main cause is poverty, unemployment and malnutrition. In Asian countries, it is an urban phenomenon. In some countries, especially those in the Golden Triangle region, children are used by the drug industry, thereby becoming addicts themselves. Also in this region, children are victimized by human trafficking. In Latin America, it is homelessness and poverty. Arab world, it is urbanization for the rich countries and socioeconomic difficulties for the developing ones. While in many industrialized countries, such as the US, the main factor is increase in consumer goods. What this shows is that across the globe and with different factors, delinquency is becoming a way of life for many children. Gone are the days when children are innocent. Today they grow up in a world of violence, injustice and inhumanity that they themselves become violent, cruel and evil. Their crimes can be considered most heinous. In the last fifteen years school shootings is becoming more common. Then there are children who are not even in their teens commit senseless and extremely cruel crimes, such as Jon Venables and  Robert Thompson who stole, tortured and murdered a two year old boy. Whether this is caused by the environment, the media or family upbringing, it is clear that men are therefore becoming more evil. Becoming evil of course is a process as it does not happen overnight. It means that there is hope yet for the future generations. Societies might change and evil men might repent and turn their backs on their evil ways. But until that day comes, we see man becoming more evil with each passing day.

One Man Two Guvnors Drama Review

One Man Two Guvnors review In a packed theatre, full of audiences from all ages who continuously have a smile on their face; currently rated as a high five stars, One Man Two Guvnors could not be a funnier performance to watch. As soon as I entered the theatre, it was completely packed. I also saw many people from different age groups; this gave me a feeling that the show would be entertaining enough to get people from all ages to come and see the show. The environment of the theatre was very formal, as there was a red and gold layout and it was also very clean.Before the show started there was country singers, this was a very good way to introduce the show as the song was very upbeat and got me feeling more excited. They were dressed in checked shirts and suits; this gave me the feeling straight away that it would be based before the 2000s, which I was right as it is set in 1963. These country singers also came in a few times during the show and sang many more lively songs which I l oved hearing and sung with my friends. The main character that stood out the most to me was the well-known actor James Cordon, whom played a failed skiffle player named Francis who is in need of a job†¦ and a meal!He gets himself in a shuffle, as working as a servant for two masters whom are currently enemies. Many words could describe Francis; funny, dopey, confused, loud, sociable, at times annoying. Not only did he make the audience laugh, he also spoke to them too! For example, asking the audience who has a sandwich, which made the audience get more involved with Francis. He also did return a sandwich and a few other treats when asked! He had also made the audience a part of the performance as he needed some volunteers to get up on stage and help him out in the jobs he had to do. Such as, lifting a trunk and needing help on food preparations.My favourite scene that made Francis impress me the most was when he had to keep his two guvnors away from each other and at the same time serve them both food, whilst they was both opposite doors away from each other in the same hotel! His greedy behaviour of taking some food out of the dishes and keeping them for himself was absolutely hilarious. This is also the scene where he chose someone from the audience to help him take some food and store it in his pot. The way parts of this scene was off script yet still so on track and funny impressed me and I laughed the most at this scene.I also thought that the staging had a big impact to the audience. There were many different scene changes that looked so realistic; the living room, the Brighton pier, the upstairs hotel in The Cricketers Arms and the street outside it. The stage was spacious enough for the actors to move around freely, I still had a clear view even though I sat at the right at the top upper circle. The lighting on stage was very bright as the scenes were mostly indoors or in daylight. The music had suited the plays environment as the music was very upbeat, lively, loud and cheerful.Many instruments were played together to make many amazing songs and sounds. The play would stop in between, the curtains would draw and each time I got more inpatient wanting another song to come. The country singers who sang the songs gave me a warm, yet energetic feeling as I and the audience were clapping along to the rhythm, not to mention singing at the chorus. If these country singers did not perform, the overall play would not have been the same! Another scene that I also enjoyed a lot would be the ending scene, where Francis’ two jobs were revealed, all problems are sorted and the truth comes out.The two love birds are finally together and it’s all just like a fairy tale. This was a good way to end the performance in a happy atmosphere. Overall, I recommend that everyone should watch this performance as they will laugh their socks off just like the rest of the audience. I would rate the play a high 4 star performance as it was a fantastic, memorable experience that definitely made my day and is worth the watch. James Corden as his character Francis James Corden as his character Francis Rachel and Stanley whom are in love Rachel and Stanley whom are in love

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Yesterday I witnessed what I believe to be one of the greatest speeches of all time. It was at the bloody battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was at this juncture where many soldiers lost their lives fighting for freedom, and a unified nation. President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech in response to the horrific battle that took place the first three days in July of this year. The speech, although short, expressed some very good points. The peak of it, which I believe to be moving on and continuing to fight for what those men died for. He made a point of telling the people that those men had not died in vain but in honor.The cause they died for was righteous and what they had accomplished would never be forgotten even long after his speech was. The way in which the speech concluded seemed to almost be an encouragement to the people to keep fighting for the cause. He ended, and I quote, that we here resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God , shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from this earth. This speech, along with encouraging people to keep fighting, gave them hope for a better nation and a free country. Although many people look upon this speech as diminutive for such a serious occasion, I believe everything that needed to be said was said. Any additional elaboration on the subject might have made the speech drawn out and off target. Overall I believe that this speech was appropriate as well as influential.

The Catcher in the Rye Characters

'The Catcher in the Rye' Characters The Catcher in the Rye remains a singular creation, a novel that is wholly tied to the intelligent, immature, and tortured point-of-view of its main character, Holden Caulfield. In some ways Holden is the only character in The Catcher in the Rye, as everyone else in the story is filtered through Holden’s perception, which is unreliable and often self-indulgent. The end result of this technique is that every other character and their actions must be judged in terms of Holden’s evolution or lack thereof- are the people he meets really phonies or does he only see them that way? The fact that Holden’s Voice still rings true today, while his unreliable nature makes understanding the other characters a challenge, is a testament to Salinger’s skill. Holden Caulfield Holden Caulfield is the sixteen-year-old narrator of the novel. Intelligent and emotional, Holden feels lonely and alienated from the world around him. He considers most of the people and places he encounters phony- hypocritical, inauthentic, and pretentious. Holden strives to present himself as a cynical and worldly person who sees through everyone elses tricks, but at times his own youthful naà ¯vetà © shines through. Holdens cynicism can be viewed as a defense mechanism, employed to avoid facing the pain of adulthood and its accompanying loss of innocence. Indeed, Holden adores his younger sister Phoebe and cherishes her innocence, which he equates to inherent goodness. His fantasy of playing the role of catcher in the rye serves to highlight this point: since Holden cannot restore his own innocence, he yearns to protect the innocence of others. Holden is an unreliable first-person narrator. All of Holdens experiences and interactions are presented from his own perspective, so the reader never gets objective information about the novels events. However, there are hints Holden is describing something of a fantasy version of himself, as when the women at the Lavender Room laugh after Holden convinces their friend to dance with him. Holden is obsessed with death, particularly the death of his younger brother, Allie. Over the course of the novel, his health seems to disintegrate. He experiences headaches and nausea and at one point loses consciousness. These symptoms may be real, but they could also be psychosomatic, representing Holdens increasing inner turmoil as he repeatedly tries and fails to find human connection. Ackley Ackley is a classmate of Holdens at Pencey Prep. He has bad hygiene and isnt very popular. Holden claims to despise Ackley, but the two boys go to the movies together, and Holden seeks out Ackley after his altercation with Stradlater. There are hints that Holden views Ackley as a version of himself. Ackley brags about made-up sexual experiences in much the same way that Holden feigns worldliness and life experience. In fact, Holden treats Ackley rather similarly to how other people treat Holden at different points in the story. Stradlater Stradlater is Holden’s roommate at Pencey Prep. Confident, handsome, and popular, Stradlater is, in some ways, everything Holden wishes he could be. He describes Stradlater’s inappropriate seduction techniques with breathless admiration, while at the same time clearly understanding how terrible Stradlaters behavior is. Holden is too sensitive to be like Stradlater- notice how he describes the girl he likes in terms of her interests and feelings, not her physicality- but there is a part of him that wishes he was. Phoebe Caulfield Phoebe is Holden’s ten-year-old sister. She is one of the few people Holden does not consider phony. Smart and loving, Phoebe is one of Holdens only sources of happiness. She is also unusually perceptive for her age- she instantly perceives Holden’s pain and offers to run away with him in order to help him. For Holden, Phoebe embodies the lost childhood innocence that he is mourning. Allie Caulfield Allie is Holdens late brother, who died of leukemia prior to the start of the novels events. Holden views Allie as a perfect innocent who died before he could be corrupted by knowledge and maturity. In some ways, the memory of Allie is a stand-in for Holdens younger self, the boy he used to be before the loss of innocence. Sally Hayes Sally Hayes is a teenage girl who goes on dates with Holden. Holden thinks Sally is stupid and conventional, but her actions dont support this assessment. Sally is well-read and well-mannered, and her self-centeredness seems more like developmentally-appropriate teenage behavior than a lifetime personality flaw. When Holden invites Sally to run away with him, Sallys rejection of the fantasy is rooted in a clear-headed analysis of their prospects. In other words, Sally’s sole crime is not conforming to Holden’s fantasy about her. In turn, Holden covers his hurt at being rejected by deciding Sally is not worth his time (a very adolescent reaction). Carl Luce Carl Luce is Holdens former student advisor from the Whooton School. He is three years older than Holden. At Whooton, Carl was a source of information about sex for the younger boys. When Holden is in New York City, he meets up with Carl, who is now nineteen and a student at Columbia. Holden tries to get Carl to talk about sex, but Carl refuses and eventually becomes so frustrated with the incessant questioning that he leaves. Holden also asks about Carls sexual orientation, a moment that suggests Holden may be questioning his own sexuality. Mr. Antolini Mr. Antolini is Holdens former English teacher. Mr. Antolini is sincerely invested in helping Holden, offering him emotional support, advice, and even a place to stay. During their conversation, he treats Holden with respect and acknowledges Holdens struggles and sensitivity. Holden likes Mr. Antolini, but when he wakes up to find Mr. Antolinis hand on his forehead, he interprets the action as a sexual advance and leaves abruptly. It is unclear whether Holdens interpretation is accurate, however, as the gesture could simply signify care and concern. Sunny Sunny is a prostitute that Maurice, the elevator operator-sum-pimp at the hotel sends to Holden. She appears to Holden to be quite young and immature, and he loses interest in having sex with her after observing some of her nervous habits. Holden comes to see her as being worse off than he is- a lone moment of sympathy for the character. She becomes, in other words, a human being to him instead of a sex object, and he can’t bring himself to do anything. At the same time, his loss of sexual desire could be seen as a lack of interest in the female gender.

Hate Speech Phenomenon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hate Speech Phenomenon - Essay Example There is a consensus among the leaders of the international community that hate speech needs to be prohibited by law but the compatibility of the hate speech legislation and the free speech laws is yet to be established. A large majority of people support legislation against hate speech but there are other perspectives as well. The adversaries to the legislation against hate speech present freedom of speech as the strongest argument however there are other arguments besides this. According to some people hate speech should be tolerated because it allows people to release their hatred towards a particular group of people in a much softer way. According to them hate speech helps people releasing the pressure of hatred that is built up inside their minds through their tongue and thus it helps preventing the threat of physical violence. However the case of human beings is different from mechanical pressure vessels and tolerance of hate speech promotes it in most of the cases. The first a mendment to the constitution of the United States ensures the freedom of speech and expression however it has certain shortcomings regarding the saving of the minority groups from hate speech; free speech as a phenomenon ensures the provision of human rights however free speech clause has failed to do so because it has been used as a tool for spreading hatred on numerous occasions. People who are against the hate speech laws argue that hate speech cannot be abolished by enforcing laws against it because it is a moral and social issue which can be solved through arbitration and changing the mindset of hate mongers. Hate speech laws at times ‘overprotects’ minorities like blacks and Jews who exploit these laws while expressing their own hatred towards majority groups so the whole legislative process against hate speech is very critical and laws should be formulated by keeping into consideration all the possible ways in which the laws could be misused (Delgado). In places where hate speech laws have been formulated and are being enforced, some people have reported the presence of ‘underground racists’. These people are those racists who do not openly express their hatred towards the minority groups because the law bars them to do so, consequently they keep their feelings hidden, working silently to cause damage to the minority groups and thus pose a greater threat. So the challengers of the hate speech laws use the case of underground racists as another argument against the enforcement of hate speech laws because according to them a person who hides his hatred is much more dangerous than a person who openly admits his hatred towards other people. Thus the adversaries argue that formulating laws against hate speech is not the solution, moral solutions are much better. For example one of the solutions that they propose is that a person who confronts hate speech should learn to ignore it because ignorance discourages the hate mongers wherea s reaction is considered as offensive and further encourages the hate mongers to continue spreading hatred. But ignorance is sometimes considered as weakness, under such circumstances, the minority groups should learn to reply back. So the person who confronts hate speech is in a much better position to resolve the issue than the authorities who can only impose law which are not effective in stopping the incidents of hate speech. The

Global Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Managerial Economics - Essay Example The Balance of Payments (BOP) refers to the sum of all economic exchanges between countries and includes expenses and income from the trade of goods and services, and financial transactions, including foreign direct investment. These exchanges, or transactions, fall under two categories: A Current Account and a Capital Account. The flow of goods, services, and money in and out of the United States is recorded in the current account. When national expenses exceed national income or budget, meaning the current account is â€Å"overdrawn,† it is referred to as a trade deficit. The US finances its current account deficit by issuing securities and bonds. Since fluctuations in the BOP also affects the value of the US dollar, the Federal Reserve uses a managed floating system by occasionally intervening to control fluctuations in the exchange rate. Daniel Griswold, in his 1998 trade policy analysis, states â€Å"No aspect of international trade is†¦ understood less than America’s perennial trade deficit†¦Trade deficits reflect the flow of capital across international borders, flows that are determined by†¦how much people save and invest. This renders trade policy1 an ineffective tool for reducing a nations trade deficit†¦[since] since trade deficit†¦has virtually nothing to do with trade policy.† Griswold explains that a country that has more investments than savings, such as the United States, must bring in capital from overseas through a capital account surplus. These foreign investments enable Americans to buy more goods and services even if they produce less, bridging the gap through a trade deficit. Since the mid-70s, the US has had a yearly trade deficit, reaching $100 billion in 1984 and over $150 billion in 1987. In 1991, the trade deficit dropped to $31 billion, but has been increasing since then, reaching over $190 billion2 in the fourth quarter of 2005 (BEA, 2006). Trade deficits have been blamed for â€Å"unfair† foreign

International Issues in Accounting and Audit Essay

International Issues in Accounting and Audit - Essay Example Considering the growing complexity of accounting work, many countries have adopted IFRS as their basis for financial reporting as it is expected that IFRS can significantly improve the quality of information on corporate finance. Although there are numerous potential advantages associated with a common set of global reporting standards, it is difficult to implement IFRS in a way that the benefits of a harmonised reporting system could be achieved. This paper will critically explore and discuss the potential benefits as well as negative impacts/limitations of adopting the IFRS in the United Kingdom. International Financial Reporting Standards, commonly abbreviated as IFRS, are designed as a common global reporting framework for businesses so as to make company accounts well understandable and comparable despite cross-border barriers. The growing international shareholding and trade activities make it necessary to establish a common global language for business affairs with regard to accounting and reporting. Such a common global framework is also particularly important for firms that have a presence in several countries. Today the IFRSs increasingly replace different national accounting standards as multinational corporations wish to keep their accounts easily understandable and comparable across the globe. IFRS are authorised on the ground of historical cost paradigm with the exception of IAS 29 and IFRIC 7, which are authorised on the ground of constant purchasing power paradigm (Legardere, 2007). Although IFRS was initially introduced as a framework to harmonise accounting practices and procedures across the European Union, this concept has progressively become attractive around the world due to the increased value of harmonisation. IFRS are sometimes referred to as the original name of International Accounting Standards (IAS). The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) issued IAS over the period 1973-2001. On 1st April 2001, the new International Accounting Standards Boards (IASB) undertook the responsibility for setting international accounting standards from the IASC (Value based management.net, n.d.).  

Dumping And Anti Dumping In International Trade

Dumping And Anti Dumping In International Trade Introduction International trade in the 21st century is a highly competitive area, with every nation trying its best to attain the competitive advantage. The benefits of being the dominant player in the game of trade are sufficient enough to lure even the least developed nation to embark on an aggressive trade strategy. The trade element provides benefits not only on the economic front but also has the unlimited potential of providing vital political advantage. The examples of such benefits have changed the course of human history for several centuries. The European power bloc enjoyed the trade advantage till the World Wars destroyed their mainland, following which the advantage shifted to the United States. But even US felt the heat of Japanese trade policies in the 1960s and 1970s, while during the last decade of the 20th century world saw the short-lived prominence of the Asian tigers. With the new century came a new set of players known as the emerging markets along a handful of prominent pla yer, who were tagged as the BRIC bloc by Jim O Neil of the Goldman Sachs. The trans-national trade has always had its effect on the international relations mainly because it took the a zero-sum game form rather than the win-win situation, thus going against the theories advanced by Adam Smith, Frederick von Hayak and Milton Friedman. Maintaining the dominance in trade became essential as monetary benefits in the form of current account and capital account surplus became more critical for furthering the growth of various national economies. Hence countries have been forced to engage themselves in a series of trade-distortion techniques like dumping, currency devaluation and so on. China, the export behemoth, supported its export oriented industrial units through the simplest monetary tool depreciation of the domestic currency against the global currencies. This depreciated Chinese Yuan made exports more attractive and provided adequate trade surplus for China against global importers like US and European countries. The other nations also attempted to use t his tool, but only a few were able to reap the right benefits. Currency manipulation was a serious crime according to International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the various central banks across the world. Hence exporting countries including China resorted to other mechanisms to support its exports. With the national Governments providing adequate subsidies to the manufacturing concerns, low-cost production was achieved by the exporters. The cost-advantage helped the exporters to push their goods into overseas markets and break the existing dominant industries in the overseas markets. This led to the scenario known as dumping and enraged importing countries, mainly in the West, used customized anti-dumping measures to counter this wave of dumping. The emergence of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and a series of agreements in the late 1990s and in the first decade of the 21st century provided a standardized framework for countering the anti-dumping worldwide. This report examines the scenario of dumping and also analyses the anti-dumping measures taken up by various nation-states, supported by various trade blocs. The measures provided by WTO to support anti-dumping rules and to prevent its abuse are also critical to the study done in this report. The report would also accommodate some cases in anti-dumping, with respect to India, China and Developed countries, inorder to further explain anti-dumping as a prevalent trade measure. Dumping Anti-Dumping Exporters who sell their products at a price lower than the domestic market prices and production costs are guilty of dumping. With nations getting more and more tuned towards protecting their domestic industries against foreign competitors, more and more cases of dumping are being reported world wide. The main tool against dumping for most sovereign states is the use of national laws pertaining to trade in the form of Anti-Dumping Measures. Like in case of any regulation initiated with good intentions, abuse of these regulations has also risen with time. Thus World Trade Organization was forced to take up the issue of dumping and anti-dumping through a series of regulations using the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) clauses. ANTI-DUMPING: TERMS Normal Price/Comparable Value It is the price of the product when sold in the ordinary course of trade for consumption in the exporting country. A fair comparison is required to be made between the normal price and the export price and it should be made at the same level of trade at ex factory level and in respect of sales made at as nearly possible the same time. In certain circumstances, there may be no sales in the domestic market to enable comparison, in which case, it may not be possible to determine normal value. In such circumstances, there are two alternative methods which have been provided for determination of the normal value. The price at which the product is sold to a third country. The constructed value of the product, which is calculated on the basis of the cost of production plus selling, general and administrative expenses and normal profits. Insufficient volume of sales: if certain sales are made below their cost, then they are to be ignored for computation purposes and the normal value would be determined based on remaining sales. The remaining sales would normally be considered as sufficient if they constitute 5% or more of the export sales made to the country conducting the investigation against dumping. De-minimis rule: In case the remaining sales are insufficient on account of insignificant volume of sales in the home market, then the normal value would be computed based on the alternative methods provided. Indirect exports: If products are not imported directly from the country of manufacture but from an intermediate country, the normal value is to be determined on the basis of sales in the market of the originating country unless this may result in an inappropriate or impossible comparison. Export Price The export price is generally based on the transaction price at which the foreign producer sells the product to an importer in the importing country. However, in certain cases the transaction price may not be appropriate for purposes of comparison with normal value. These circumstances may arise in case of: Internal transfers i.e. transfer between the same entities from one location to another, where there is no transaction value; Barter or exchange transactions, where the money value is absent; Where the relationship existing between the exporter and the importer may have an influence or bearing on the price negotiated or For such other reasons where the transaction price may not be considered to be at arms-length. In such cases, the transaction value cannot be adopted and the export price needs to be determined based on an appropriate alternative method. However, the construction of the export price should be reasonable and based on facts and circumstances, which are warranted in each case. The export price may be constructed based on: Price at which the imported product is first resold to an independent buyer The constructed price should have allowances for costs including duties and taxes, incurred between the importation of the product and its resale to an independent purchaser, as well as for reasonable profits accruing there from. The constructed price should also give allowances for factors such as different levels of trade, conditions and terms of sale, taxation, quantities, physical characteristics, and other matters demonstrated to affect price comparability Conversion of currency: The comparison of the normal value with that of export price would require conversion of currency. Normally, when the base currency is different from USD or Euro, they are converted into USD or Euro for the purpose of calculations. In such cases, the exchange rate to be used should be one on date of sale. In case of a forward currency sale, the exchange rate adopted for the forward transaction should be used for conversion. Like Product The term like product is defined as a product that is identical, i.e. alike in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration. Sales in ordinary course of Trade In order to enable comparison of the export price and the normal price, the anti dumping investigations need to determine whether the sales in the domestic market of the exporting country are made in ordinary course of trade or not. In case the price at which the goods are sold in the domestic market is below its cost, then prima facie, it would mean that the sales made in the domestic market are not in the ordinary course of trade. Accordingly, such sales may be disregarded in the determination of normal value. However, sales made below costs may not be disregarded for determination of normal value where they allow for recovery of costs within a reasonable period of time, which may normally be one year or are insignificant. Anti dumping: WTO Regulations The WTO is the only International body dealing with the rules and regulations of trade between nations. The WTO Agreements negotiated and signed by bulk of the worlds trading ratified in their parliaments. WTO took over the reins from GATT in the year 95 and its objective is no different. It is focused on maintaining trade balance between the developed, developing and under developed countries. Some of its objectives are That international economic relations should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand; Expanding the production of trade in goods and services; While allowing for the optimum use of the worlds resources in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development, seeking both to preserve the environment and to enhance the means of doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development. WTO, seen from the past, intends to achieve the stated objectives by one or more of the following mode or means: Administering trade agreements Acting as a forum for trade negotiations and settlement of trade disputes Reviewing national trade policies Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical assistance and training program Co-operating with other international organization In an effort to bring cross border transactions and free trade between nations it signed a lot of agreements in this regard. As a result of it lead to the implementation of the article VI of GATT 1994, which is popularly known as the Anti- dumping Agreement. Wherever WTO seeks for free trade it also makes sure that the trade fair and full. Article of VI of GATT: It states that the practice of exporting goods from one country to another at less than the normal value should be strictly condemned if it causes or threatens to cause material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic industry. In order to seek implementation of the said Article, member nations at WTO have entered into an agreement called the Agreement on implementation of Article VI and more-popularly referred to as the Anti-dumping Agreement. A product is considered as being dumped i.e. introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value if the export price of the product from one country to another is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country. The activity of throwing goods at less than their normal value into another country would be called dumping. When dumping causes or threatens to cause material injury to domestic industry of the importing country, the action undertaken to counteract the said dumping, by the importing country, is called as anti-dumping. WTO lays down the basic principles on how a Nation can or cannot react to dumping. In this regard, it would be essential for a member country to prove that there should have been a material and genuine injury to its competing domestic industry, before in any manner, taking steps against dumping. The importing country is allowed to take action against dumping, when: Dumping is not only said but also shown to have taken place by the importing country; On the basis of dumping, being said to exist, the importing country is able to establish from reliable information and considering all possible factors that such dumping has actually caused or could cause, material injury to its domestic industry; and Lastly, as a reasonable justification for any action against dumping, the importing country should be able to present the calculation stating the extent of dumping i.e. the difference between the export price and the normal price in the exporters home country. The agreement has given three ways to calculate the case of dumping Difference between the price in the exporters domestic market (called normal value) and the price charged for export to the subject nation, in the absence of the price in the domestic market. The second method is to compare the price charged by the exporter for exports to another country that to the price charged on export to the subject nation. In the absence of the comparable price , the price in the exporters market is derived from the cost incurred by the manufacturer and then it is subjected to the importing nation Approach adopted to counter Dumping An action imposing and collecting dumping would require a three step approach; The establishment of evidence in favour of dumping. In India, the following conditions need to be fulfilled before initiating an action against dumping: The product which is said to have been dumped, has been imported into India from a country outside India The export price is less than the comparable price Consequent to being dumped, it has caused or the effect of causing material injury to manufacturers of like product in India. The transaction alleging dumping is undertaken in the ordinary course of trade The establishment of evidence in respect of its injury In the context of dumping, the term injury has been defined to mean either material injury to a domestic industry, threat of material injury to a domestic industry, or Material retardation of the establishment of a domestic industry. The determination of injury must be based on positive evidence which would normally involve an objective examination of the volume of the dumped imports and the effect it has on the prices in the domestic market for like products and the consequent impact of these imports on domestic producers of such products. Also, in certain circumstances, producers who are related to the exporters or importers of the product under investigation and producers who are themselves importers of the allegedly dumped product. In this regard, a producer would be deemed to be related to the exporter or importer if: one of them directly or indirectly controls the other both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person together they directly or indirectly control a third person, subject to the condition that there are grounds for believing or suspecting that the effect of the relationship is such as to cause the producers to behave differently from non-related producers Evaluation of Injury The investigating authorities have to develop analytical methods for consideration of these factors such as volume and price which may be regarded as relevant in the light and circumstances of each case. The authorities need to evaluate all relevant economic factors having bearing upon the state of the domestic industry. In this regard, a number of factors have been listed such as actual or potential declines in sales, profits, output, market share, productivity, return on investments, utilization of capacity, actual or potential effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital or investments, and the magnitude of the margin of dumping. In evaluating the injury to the domestic industry, the investigating authorities are required to consider whether there has been significant price undercutting in respect of the dumped imports as compared to the price of the like product in the domestic industry of the importing country. Causal Link: As regards the establishment of material injury, it needs to be demonstrated that there is a causal relationship between the article that is alleged as being dumped and the injury it seeks to cause to the domestic industry manufacturing or producing like product. The investigating authorities need to analyze factors such as change in technology and change in the pattern of demand etc. which can cause material injury to the domestic industry but these factors are not arising on account of dumping, as they need to be excluded in evaluating the injury on account of dumping. Therefore, the investigating authorities are required to develop analytical methods for determining only those factors which have a causal link between dumping of alleged goods and its consequent injury to the domestic industry. Cumulative Analysis: In cases where an article is found to be dumped into the importing country from more than one country, it is possible to undertake a cumulative analysis of the article being dumped. In this regard, it is provided that the authorities must be required to determine the margin of dumping from each country and that such margin should not be less than 2%, expressed as a percentage of the export price for each country and that the volume of imports from each country should not be less than 3% of the imports of like articles. In this regard, if the imports from one country is less than 3%, then such investigation may be possible if the collective imports from all such countries is not be less than 7% of the import of like articles. Dumping Calculation: The margin of dumping is normally calculated as the difference between the weighted average normal value and the weighted average price of all comparable exports. In certain cases, this comparison may be done on a transaction-to-transaction basis. The difference between the normal value and export price is called as the margin. In case the export price differs significantly among different purchasers, regions or time periods, then comparison based on weighted average export price may not be appropriate. In such cases, the investigating authorities would compare the weighted average normal value with that of the export price on individual transaction basis. This situation is referred to as targeted dumping. Assessment of Duty: Normally, the assessment of dumping margin for the purpose of the levy of anti-dumping duty is to be calculated with respect to each exporter or producer of the product concerned under investigation. However, such a system may not be practically feasible in all cases and thus the investigating authorities may limit the number of exporters, importers, or products individually considered and impose the anti-dumping duty even on uninvestigated sources, on the basis of the weighted average dumping margin established with respect to exporters or producers actually examined. ANTI-DUMPING: Procedures Initiation of Investigation The investigations against dumping are required to be normally initiated on the basis of a written request submitted by or on behalf of a domestic industry and it needs to be supported by those domestic producers whose collective output constitutes more than 50% of the total production of the like product. However, the investigation would not be initiated when domestic producers expressly supporting the application account for less than 25% of total production of the like product produced in the domestic industry of the importing country. The application is required to contain the following information: Evidence of dumping, injury and the causal link The identity of the applicant and a description of the volume and value of the domestic production of the like product by the applicant. Complete description of the allegedly dumped product, the names of the country or countries of origin or export in question, the identity of each known exporter or foreign producer and a list of known persons importing the product in question Information on prices at which the product in question is sold when destined for consumption in the domestic markets of the country or countries of origin or export Information on the evolution of the volume of the allegedly dumped imports, the effect of these imports on prices of the like product in the domestic market and the consequent impact of the imports on the domestic industry On receipt of the application the investigating authorities would examine the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence provided for determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify the initiation of an investigation and before initiating investigation, the authorities need to notify the exporting country. Conduct of Investigation The authorities are required to guarantee the confidentiality of sensitive information and verify the information on which determinations are based. In order to ensure transparency, the authorities are also required to disclose the information on which determinations are to be based to all interested parties and to provide them with adequate opportunity to make or provide their comments. The investigating authorities are required to give notice to all interested parties viz. Exporter, the government of exporter and the producers of like products, about the investigation. The procedure of investigation is as follows: Preliminary Screening: The application is scrutinized to ensure that it is fully documented and provides sufficient evidence for initiating an investigation. In case of any discrepancy, a deficiency letter is issued. Initiation: the designated authority, after examining the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence regarding dumping, injury and causal link, issues a public notice initiating an investigation. The initiation notice is ordinarily to be issued within 5 days from the date of receipt of a properly documented application. Access to Information: The authority provides access to the non-confidential evidence presented to it by various interested parties in the form of a public file, which is available for inspection to all interested parties on request after receipt of the responses. Preliminary Findings: Based on the information available before it and based on further information collected by the authority, a preliminary finding is made, which would also contain the reasons behind the determination made by the authority. In this regard, the preliminary finding is undertaken normally within 90 days from the date of initiation. Provisional Duty: In case the authority considers it necessary, it may recommend the Central Government to impose a provisional duty, not exceeding the margin of dumping, on the basis of the preliminary finding recorded by it. The provisional duty can be imposed only after the expiry of 60 days from the date of initiation of investigation. Further, such duty will remain in force for a period not exceeding six months but which may be extended to nine months under certain circumstances. Oral Evidence Public Hearing: Interested parties are allowed to request the designated authority to afford them an opportunity to present their case and relevant information orally. However, the designated authority would consider the oral information only when it is subsequently reproduced in writing. Disclosure of Information: The designated authority, based on the submissions and evidence gathered during the investigation and verification would proceed to make the determination of the final findings and formulate the basis thereof. Final Determination: The interested parties would submit their response to the disclosure and the authority would consider such submissions before taking a final position on the matter. Time-limit for investigation process: the normal time allowed for completion of the investigation process is one year from the date of initiation of the investigation. The Central Government is empowered to extend such period by another six months. Price Undertaking Price Undertaking refers to a voluntary undertaking by exporters to revise the price or to cease exports to the area in question at dumped prices so that the authorities are satisfied that the injurious effect of the dumping is eliminated. However, the Central Government would be allowed to accept the price undertakings from exporters only after preliminary affirmative determination has been made that dumping exists and that consequent to dumping, injury has also been caused to the domestic industry. The investigating authorities are required to complete their investigation on the dumping and its consequent injury, in the event it is desired by the exporter or by the investigating authorities despite accepting the price undertakings. In case the investigation leads to a negative determination of dumping or injury, then the undertaking given shall automatically lapse. Special Status Anti dumping duty is not applicable for imports made by export oriented units unless the intention to levy on their imports is specifically stated in the notification. Export Oriented Units specifically include: Free trade zone means a zone which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf; Hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking means an undertaking which has been approved as a hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking by the Board appointed in this behalf by the Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred by section 14 of the Industries Act, 1951; Special economic zone means a zone which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf. Provisional Measures The investigating authorities are allowed to take certain provisional measures in the form of levy of provisional duty for import of goods alleged to be dumped. These provisional measures are allowed only when the following conditions are fulfilled: The investigating authorities have initiated the investigation giving proper public notice and interested parties have been given adequate opportunities to submit information and make their comments; The investigating authorities have a preliminary affirmative determination in favour of dumping and its consequent injury to the domestic industry; The investigating authorities judge that such provisional measures are necessary to prevent injury being caused during the investigation period. ANTI-DUMPING: Indian Context Indian laws regarding trade, including anti-dumping laws were amended with effect from 1st January 1995, following Indias entry into the WTO. The anti-dumping provisions were amended keeping in line with the WTO Agreement. The investigations regarding anti-dumping duty are under Sections 9A of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975. Even though, anti dumping duty provides for countering the issue of dumping, countervailing duties are more useful for countering the direct and indirect subsidies by various national governments on their respective industries. In any case, the Indian Government has to prove injury and causal link need to be proved in front of the WTO panel on anti-dumping. The investigations pertaining to dumping are governed by the amended provisions of Customs Tariff act of 1975. Safeguards in the form of tariff increases or quantitative restrictions were earlier used to counter the increased imports due to dumping, but nowadays such measures invite compensation payment to tradi ng partners in appropriate cases. The Customs Tariff Act, 1975 Sections 9A, 9B and 9C, amended in 1995 and the Customs Tariff (Identification, Assessment and Collection of Anti-dumping Duty on Dumped Articles and for Determination of Injury) Rules, 1995, were framed to provide the legal basis for anti-dumping investigations and for the levy of anti-dumping duties, based on the Agreement on Anti-Dumping which is in pursuance of Article VI of GATT 1994. The investigations and recommendations on dumping issues are handled by Designated Authority, under the Ministry of Commerce, while the imposition and collection of anti-dumping duties are handled by Ministry of Finance. The Indian industry must be able to show that dumped imports are causing or are threatening to cause material injury to the Indian domestic industry. Material retardation to the establishment of an industry is also regarded as injury. The material injury or threat thereof cannot be based on mere allegation, statement or conjecture. Sufficient evidence must be provided to support the contention of material injury. Injury analysis can broadly be divided in two major areas: The Volume Effect The Designated Authority examines the volume of the dumped imports, including the extent to which there has been or is likely to be a significant increase in the volume of dumped imports, either in absolute terms or in relation to production or consumption in India, and its affect on the domestic industry. The Price Effect The effect of the dumped imports on prices in the Indian market for like articles, including the existence of price undercutting, or the extent to which the dumped imports are causing price depression or preventing price increases for the goods which otherwise would have occurred. The consequent economic and financial impact of the dumped imports on the concerned Indian industry can be demonstrated, inter alia, by : decline in output loss of sales loss of market share reduced profits decline in productivity decline in capacity utilization reduced return on investments price effects adverse effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, investments, ability to raise capital, etc. Application Procedure Applications can be made by or on behalf of the concerned domestic industry to the Designated Authority in the Ministry of Commerce for an investigation of any alleged dumping. The designated Authority may initiate an investigation when there is sufficient evidence that dumped imports are causing or are threatening to cause material injury to the Indian industry producing like articles or are materially retarding the establishment of an industry. Copies of the prescribed application pro-forma are available from the Ministry of Commerce. Applications should be submitted to the Designated Authority in the Ministry of Commerce in the prescribed form. Guidelines on how to complete a questionnaire are a part of the prescribed